Preparing for the NCLEX-RN exam can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to mastering complex topics like nephrology. This branch of medicine focuses on the kidneys, their function, and related diseases. To help you ace this section, we've compiled 17 NCLEX-RN questions on nephrology, along with detailed explanations and a bonus mnemonic to make your study sessions more effective. Let's dive in!
1. Question: What is the primary function of the kidneys?
A. To produce insulin
B. To filter waste products from the blood
C. To regulate body temperature
D. To produce red blood cells
Answer: B. To filter waste products from the blood
Explanation: The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood, which are then excreted as urine.
2. Question: Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the kidneys?
A. Insulin
B. Aldosterone
C. Thyroxine
D. Cortisol
Answer: B. Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in regulating sodium and potassium balance in the kidneys.
3. Question: What is the normal range for serum creatinine levels in adults?
A. 0.5-1.2 mg/dL
B. 1.5-2.5 mg/dL
C. 2.0-3.0 mg/dL
D. 3.5-4.5 mg/dL
Answer: A. 0.5-1.2 mg/dL
Explanation: The normal range for serum creatinine levels in adults is 0.5-1.2 mg/dL. Elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function.
4. Question: Which condition is characterized by the presence of protein in the urine?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria
C. Glycosuria
D. Pyuria
Answer: B. Proteinuria
Explanation: Proteinuria is the presence of excess protein in the urine, which can be a sign of kidney disease.
5. Question: What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Hypertension
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B. Diabetes mellitus
Explanation: Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), followed by hypertension.
6. Question: Which diagnostic test is used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
B. Serum creatinine
C. Creatinine clearance test
D. Urinalysis
Answer: C. Creatinine clearance test
Explanation: The creatinine clearance test is used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function.
7. Question: What is the primary treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A. Dialysis
B. Antibiotics
C. Fluid restriction
D. Diuretics
Answer: A. Dialysis
Explanation: Dialysis is often the primary treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood.
8. Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A. Hyperkalemia
Explanation: Hyperkalemia, or elevated potassium levels, is a common electrolyte imbalance in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
9. Question: What is the primary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hypertension
C. Minimal change disease
D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Answer: D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Explanation: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is the primary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
10. Question: Which medication is commonly used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Calcium acetate
B. Furosemide
C. Spironolactone
D. Metformin
Answer: A. Calcium acetate
Explanation: Calcium acetate is commonly used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by binding to dietary phosphate.
11. Question: What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
A. To cure the disease
B. To manage symptoms and prevent complications
C. To reduce blood pressure
D. To increase urine output
Answer: B. To manage symptoms and prevent complications
Explanation: The primary goal of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as the disease is not curable.
12. Question: Which dietary restriction is commonly recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. High-protein diet
B. Low-sodium diet
C. High-potassium diet
D. Low-carbohydrate diet
Answer: B. Low-sodium diet
Explanation: A low-sodium diet is commonly recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to help control blood pressure and reduce fluid retention.
13. Question: What is the most common complication of peritoneal dialysis?
A. Hypotension
B. Peritonitis
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Anemia
Answer: B. Peritonitis
Explanation: Peritonitis, an infection of the peritoneal cavity, is the most common complication of peritoneal dialysis.
14. Question: Which condition is characterized by the presence of kidney stones?
A. Pyelonephritis
B. Nephrolithiasis
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Hydronephrosis
Answer: B. Nephrolithiasis
Explanation: Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for kidney stones, which are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys.
15. Question: Which medication is commonly used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Iron supplements
C. Vitamin B12
D. Folic acid
Answer: A. Erythropoietin
Explanation: Erythropoietin is commonly used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by stimulating the production of red blood cells.
16. Question: What is the primary cause of acute glomerulonephritis?
A. Bacterial infection
B. Viral infection
C. Autoimmune response
D. Genetic mutation
Answer: C. Autoimmune response
Explanation: Acute glomerulonephritis is primarily caused by an autoimmune response, often following a streptococcal infection.
17. Question: Which imaging study is commonly used to evaluate kidney structure and function?
A. X-ray
B. Ultrasound
C. MRI
D. CT scan
Answer: B. Ultrasound
Explanation: Ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate kidney structure and function, as it is non-invasive and provides detailed images of the kidneys.
Bonus Mnemonic: "A WET BED" for Kidney Functions
To help you remember the primary functions of the kidneys, use the mnemonic "A WET BED":
- A: Acid-base balance
- W: Water balance
- E: Electrolyte balance
- T: Toxin removal
- B: Blood pressure regulation
- E: Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)
- D: Vitamin D metabolism
Conclusion
Mastering nephrology for the NCLEX-RN exam requires a solid understanding of kidney function, common diseases, and their treatments. By practicing these 17 questions and using the "A WET BED" mnemonic, you'll be well on your way to acing this section of the exam. Remember, consistent practice and a thorough understanding of the material are key to your success. Good luck!
